Nancy Hartsock defined “Masculinity as a method of conceptualization whose main emphasis is on mutually exclusive dualities.” Her suggestion accounts for hierarchical dualisms in social institution which supported gender domination. Masculinity isn't established /created on the basis of man’s true identity and difference, but on the basis of an ideal differences which constituted mostly in the cultural difference of Man from others’.
Nancy Chodorow described the aspects of masculinity in western society. She offered a psycho analytics explanation for the male characterized as woman. She argued this because men learned to define themselves not as woman, not as mother, so that masculinity is inevitable having negative identity. She claimed that there could be a conscious break in the construction of masculinity and femininity, if patterns of mothering changed.
Marxist feminists believed that masculinity has played a vital part in the dividing labour force as it had developed historically and the definition of masculinity that infuse our cultures' and belief are permanently deep rooted within the ideology of the family.
Feminist theorists believed that this concepts can be helpful to highlight the importance of gender in dividing the activities of public and private sphere . A particular focus of feminist analysis is on the educational processes by which masculinity is defined and constructed. For e.g., feminist critiques of science point to the fallacious congruence between rationality, knowledge and masculinity.
According to Evelyn Fox Keller “masculine connotes autonomy, separation, distance and particularly objectivity.” Her argument was, masculinity in science is located in the very concepts of science. Not only this but also in the way science separate subjects from objects. The reappraisal of masculinity in men’s studies treated masculinity as a more problematic construct.
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